Managing and Organizing for Innovation in Service Firms a...

v i n n o va r e p o r t vr 2009:06 managing and organizing for innovation in service firms A literature review with annotated bibliography annika schilling andreas Werr stockholm school of economics Title: Managing and Organizing for Innovation in Service Firms. A literature review with annotated bibliography Author: Annika Schilling Andreas Werr - Stockholm School of Economics Series: VINNOVA Report VR 2009:06 ISBN: 978-91-85959-47-1 ISSN: 1650-3104 Published: Februari 2009 Publisher: VINNOVA - Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems / Verket fà ¶r Innovationssystem VINNOVA Case No: 2008-02234 About VINNOVA VINNOVA, Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems. VINNOVA ´s mission is to promote sustainable†¦show more content†¦His research has been published in e.g. Organizations Studies, Organization and the Sloan Management Review. The authors show that there are significant gaps in knowledge and a great need for research on how service work can be designed, organized and led in order to promote the innovation potential of employees. Schilling and Werr identified and elaborate the following knowledge gaps and needs for further research: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Understanding the dynamics of the service innovation process Using contextualized models of service innovation Exploring and comparing different types of service firms Service innovation in business networks Knowledge and knowledge processes in service innovation Innovative climate and HRM practices Communication and talk in the service innovation. Power and politics in the service innovation Gender studies of service innovation In spring 2009 VINNOVA launches almost 40 million on research and development to help fill some of the identified knowledge gaps. The literature review is part of the preparatory work on the announcement. In addition, an interview study is initiated and will be released during spring. VINNOVA in February 2009 Pà ¤r Larsson Kerstin Waldenstrà ¶m Programme managers Working Life Department Content 1 IntroductionShow MoreRelatedLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesApplication, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIon CenTeR ManageMenT Seventh Edition Read MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesthis book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN 0–19–928335–4 978–0–19–928335–4 ISBN 0–19–928336–2 (Pbk.) 978–0–19–928336–1 (Pbk.) 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 3 FOREWORD ‘ MichaelRead MoreDeveloping Effective Research Proposals49428 Words   |  198 PagesIntroduction to Social Research 1.3 A view of research 1.4 Outline of chapters 1.5 Review concepts Notes 2 The Proposal – Readers, Expectations and Functions 2.1 What is a research proposal? 2.2 Readers and expectations 2.3 Functions and purpose of the proposal 2.4 Pre-structured versus unfolding research 2.5 The research proposal as a plan 2.6 Research questions or research problems? 2.7 A simplified model of research 2.8 Review concepts and questions Notes 3 A General Framework for Developing ProposalsRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesMarketing Manager: Christopher Ruel Production Manager: Dorothy Sinclair Production Editor: Sandra Dumas Senior Designer: Kevin Murphy New Media Editor: Lauren Sapira Editorial Assistant: Mark Owens Production Management Services: Elm Street Publishing Services Composition Services: Aptara, Inc. This book was typeset in 10/12 Times by Aptara, Inc., and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The cover was printed by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The paper in this book was manufactured

Analysis Of Amazon, Ebay And Alibaba s Different Feedback...

2.1 Feedback System According to above research objectives, the following discussion include analysis of Amazon, eBay and Alibaba’s different feedback systems, as well as identify the advantages of operating feedback systems which enable to promote the growth of the business. A feedback system is a critical factor in determining the success of e-business (Masclet and Penard, 2012). Feedback systems can also be called word-of-month communication which expresses customers’ perceptions and experiences after they receive the products from the marketplaces. Different marketplaces have its own feedback systems. On the one hand, Amazon and eBay provide the opportunities to both sellers and buyers, but on the other hand, they have different rating way. Amazon’s users can score their perceptions from one to five stars (Amazon, 2009a). EBay can be ranked in ‘positive’ (+1), ‘negative’ (-1) and ‘neutral’ (0). With the rating get, the system can reflect it in sellers’ performance rate by adding, deducting or no impact. (Kollock 1999). Alibaba’s feedback system consist of buyers’ opinion only and they have the ability to rank seller’s online stores as well. The lowest ranks are hearts, followed by diamonds, blue crowns and finally yellow crowns (Hongkiat 2015). However, its ranking system is similar with Amazon --- stars from one to five. Therefore, the main difference between Amazon, eBay and Alibaba’s feedback system is their ranking way and whether sellers and b uyers can commentShow MoreRelatedCase - Alibaba Group7315 Words   |  30 PagesAlibaba Group At Alibaba, strategy and organization go hand-in-hand. Every year we change the organizational structure in tandem with changes in strategy. Jack Ma, Chief Executive Officer of Alibaba Group, stared through the fog at the cable stays of the Hangzhou Bay Bridge whistling past on his drive to the offices of Taobao (hunting for treasures), Alibabas online marketplace for Chinese retailers and consumers. The longest transoceanic bridge in the world had a long gestation period:Read MoreWhat Is Social Media?2557 Words   |  11 Pagessocial media are helps people to become more interactive freely and to share their knowledge, information, and experiences. In like manner, many studies point out that the users who using these sites are increasing, especially the last two years. The different types of social media such as, Facebook, Twitter, Linked, Instagram, YouTube, have attracted a huge number of users, whom have merged these sites into user’s lives. The chart below, demonstrates how much data in social networks can be generated dailyRead MoreOnline Shopping Website : Web Based Systems Project10604 Words   |  43 Pa ges UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE School of Computer Science Modular BSc Honours in Information Technology 6COM0284 – Web-based Systems Project Final Report April 2015 TITLE OF PROJECT Online Shopping Website Author s initials and surname S.Pourmoafi Supervised by: Mr. Keith Dawkins â€Æ' Table of contents Abstract: 3 1. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 4 2. INTRODUCTION 5 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 3.1 Background research 9 3.2 Market Research (Existing Online Websites) 10 3.2 The History of E-commerce: 11 3.3Read MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Read MoreManagement and Teaching Note19520 Words   |  79 Pages(11pp) 207-058-4 EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY AND RESERVE BANK INTERVENTION: THE CASE OF NEW ZEALAND Structured assignment Gonela, SK; Panuganti, SM IBSCDC 14pp; Teaching note 207-058-8 (11pp) 207-046-1 GERMANY’S ‘GREEN DOT’WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM George, SS; Govind, S ICMR Center for Management Research 21pp; Teaching note 207-046-8 (3pp) 207-059-1 GLOBAL INFLATION: MONETARY POLICY DEBATE Gonela, SK; Kompella, R IBSCDC 8pp; Teaching note 207-059-8 (13pp) 207-059-4 GLOBAL INFLATION: MONETARY POLICY DEBATE

Johnson Johnson free essay sample

Johnson Johnson (JJ) was founded in the late 1800s in New Brunswick, New Jersey, by Robert Wood Johnson I and his brothers, James Wood Johnson, and Edward Mead Johnson. When it first began, JJ produced consumer healthcare products including first-aid kits, baby powder, dental floss, etc. (Johnson Johnson History, n. d. ). Overtime, however, JJ has grown tremendously and now operates three different business segments: consumer, medical devices and diagnostics, and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, JJ is made up of more than 250 companies located in 57 different countries around the world (â€Å"Company Structure†, n.  d. ). As of 2012, JJ was ranked 42nd on the Fortune 500 (Fortune 500 2012: Fortune 1000 Companies 1-100, 2012), was a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) (DIJA, n. d. ), and was traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the ticker symbol â€Å"JNJ† (NYSE Euronext, n. d. ). RATIO ANALYSIS (The following figures have been calculated using figures listed in JJ’s Form 10-K included in the 2012 Annual Report. We will write a custom essay sample on Johnson Johnson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Calculations of each ratio can be seen in the Appendix. ) The first ratio considered focuses on JJs liquidity. According to Ross, Westerfield, and Jordan, Liquidity refers to the speed and ease with which an asset can be converted to cash (2012, p. 23). The liquidity ratio being considered in this case, is the current ratio (current assets divided by current liabilities), which measures JJs short-term debt paying ability. Based on the figures in the balance sheet from 2012, the current ratio was 1. 90, meaning that the company had $1. 90 worth of current assets for every $1. 00 of current liabilities. JJs current ratio exceeds the industry average of 1. 62 (Johnson Johnson (JNJ), n. Though a higher current ratio is typically desirable (especially for creditors), a high current ratio could also indicate an inefficient use of cash and short-term assets. The next set of ratios considered are called long-term solvency ratios, which, according to Ross, et. al. , are intended to address the firms long-term ability to meet its obligations (2012, p. 59). The first coverage ratio, total debt ratio, takes into account all debts of all maturities to all creditors (Ross, et. al. , 2012, p. 59). In 2012, JJs total debt ratio was . Which was calculated by first, subtracting total equity from total assets and then, dividing that number by JJs total assets. In other words, Johnson and Johnson has $0. 47 of debt for every $1. 00 of assets. Whether this is high or low, depends on whether the capital structure matters. Regardless, this was very similar to the healthcare industry, which had a total debt ratio of 0. 45 (Profitability†¦, n. d. ). The second long-term solvency ratio to be discussed is times interest earned (or interest coverage), which measures how well JJ has its interest obligations covered (Ross, et. Al. , 2012, p. 61). This is calculated by dividing earnings before interest expense and income taxes by the total interest expense for the year. In 2012, JJ was able to earn interest 26. 89 times as compared to the industry average of 14. 27 (Johnson Johnson (JNJ), n. d. ). A higher ratio is desirable as it suggests that JJ would be better able to cover its interest obligations. If JJ had a low ratio, it would suggest that the company might be unable to cover its debt obligations with current earnings. Nevertheless, JJ is covering its interest obligations sufficiently and could possibly even use some of the excess (over the industry average) to seek out other investment opportunities. An additional category to be considered is asset management, or turnover measures. These calculations measure how efficiently a firm uses its assets to generate sales (Ross, et. al. 2012, p. 61). The inventory turnover, for instance, measures approximately how many times JJ sells its entire inventory throughout the year. It is calculated by dividing JJs cost of goods sold by the amount left in ending inventory. This resulted in an inventory turnover of 2. 89 times for JJ in 2012, which is comparable to the industry average of 2. 80 times (Profitability†¦, n. d. ). In other words, JJ essentially sold its entire inventory almost three times throughout 2012. A high inventory turnover is preferable as long as the company is able to keep adequate inventory on hand and keep sales numbers high enough to sustain the company. This amount can be further broken down by dividing 365 days by the inventory turnover of 2. 89, which results in the average days sales in inventory of 126. 30. This means that the inventory sits approximately 126 days before it is sold. Another asset management ratio is the receivables turnover, which measures how quickly the money can be collected on the credit sales of inventory (Ross, et. al. , 2012 p. 62). It is calculated by dividing sales to customers by the ending amount in accounts receivable, which, for JJ in 2012 gave a result of 5. 94 times. This means that the on average, JJ collects on all of its sales almost 6 times per year or approximately every 61. 45 days (365 days/5. 94 times). This is slightly less than the industry average of 6. Times (Johnson Johnson (JNJ), n. d. ) or 54. 80 days (365 days/6. 66 times). In other words, JJ collects cash for its credit sales slightly slower than other companies in the industry. While it is typically desirable to have a higher annual receivable turnover and a lower days’ sales in receivables, it is important to look at the company’s collection policy to be certain. For instance, if JJ’s collection period is one month (approximately 30 days), then the current receivable turnover is too low and days’ sales in receivables of 61. 45 is too high. However, if the collection period is two months, then the current ratios are desirable, since they are collecting all of the receivables approximately every 61. 45 days, which is roughly two months. Regardless, JJ’s ratios are very similar to that of the industry and therefore, the company will probably not need to make any adjustments. A third asset management ratio is the net working capital turnover, which measures â€Å"how much ‘work’ we get out of our working capital† (Ross, et. al. , 2012, p. 63). In order to calculate this number, sales are divided by the net working capital. Net working capital is made up of current assets less current liabilities. The net working capital is used to fund operations and purchase inventory, which are then converted into sales for the company. In essence then, the net working capital turnover shows the relationship between the money spent to fund the operations and the money earned from the operations. In 2012, JJ’s net working capital turnover was 3. 08, which is less than the industry average of 4. 16 (Johnson Johnson (JNJ), n. d. ). In this case, a higher ratio is desired, because it implies that the company is earning more for its money. Based on the 2012 financials, JJ is not using its working capital as well as other companies in its industry. The final asset management ratio is â€Å"total asset turnover,† which measures a company’s efficiency at using its assets to generate sales. It is calculated by dividing sales by total assets, which for JJ resulted in a ratio of 0. 55. This means that for every dollar of assets, JJ generated $0. 55 in sales. This is only slightly higher than the industry average of 0. 53. It is desirable, yet again, to have a higher ratio, because it suggests that the company is generating more money through its assets. Another set of ratios that are typically used are called â€Å"profitability ratios. † Profitability ratios, â€Å"are intended to measure how efficiently a firm uses its assets and manages its operations† (Ross, et. al. , 2012, p. 63). These ratios differ from asset management ratios, because they focus on net income rather than the amount of sales generated. The first profitability ratio considered is â€Å"return on assets,† which measures the profit per dollar of assets (Ross, et. al. , 2012, p. 64). It is calculated by dividing net income for the year by the total equity. In 2012, JJ’s return on assets was 8. 94%, which is slightly higher than the industry average of 8. 31% (Johnson Johnson (JNJ), n. d. ). A higher ratio is desirable again, because it suggests that the company is more efficiently using its assets to generate profits. Another profitability ratio that is frequently used is called, â€Å"return on equity. † The return on equity ratio is used to measure â€Å"how the stockholders fared during the year† (Ross, et. al. , 2012, p. 64). JJ’s return on equity in 2012 was 16. 74%, which is less than the industry average of 18. 28% (Johnson Johnson (JNJ), n. d. ). This percentage is calculated by dividing net income by total equity. It ultimately measures how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have invested, therefore, a higher is percentage is better. The final category of ratios that will be considered are titled â€Å"market value measures,† which are based on information that is not in the financial statements, rather it is based on the market price per share of stock (Johnson Johnson (JNJ), n. d. ). The only market value measure that will be considered is the â€Å"price-earnings ratio,† which is a valuation of a company’s current share price compared to its per-share earnings. This ratio is calculated by dividing the per share price at the end of the year by the earnings per share. JJ’s price-earnings ratio in 2012 was 19. 35 times, which is higher than the industry average of 16. 40 times (Johnson Johnson (JNJ), n. d. ). In general, JJ’s higher price-earnings ratio could suggest that investors are expecting higher earnings growth in the future as compared to other companies within the industry. Furthermore, the price-earnings ratio represents how much investors are willing to pay for each dollar of earnings. For JJ then, investors are willing to pay $19. 35 for every dollar of earnings. Is a company that rates financial securities, including bonds. SP assigns the financial securities one of the following ratings: â€Å"AAA†, â€Å"AA†, â€Å"A†, â€Å"BBB†, â€Å"BBB-â€Å", â€Å"BBB+†, â€Å"BB†, â€Å"B†, â€Å"CCC†, â€Å"CC†, â€Å"C†, and â€Å"D†. â€Å"AAA† is the highest rating and â€Å"D† is the lowest; â€Å"Investment Grade† bonds include those with ratings of â€Å"AAA† to â€Å"BBB†, while those below â€Å"BBB† are classified as â€Å"Speculative Grade† or junk bonds. The ratings are concerned only with the possibility of default. According to SP Rating Services, JJ has foreign and local long-term bonds, as well as foreign and local short-term bonds. The term â€Å"local† refers to bonds held in the U. S. Based on SPs ratings, both JJ’s long-term foreign and long-term local bonds are AAA, meaning that there is an extremely strong capacity for JJ to meet its financial commitments (Standard Poor’s, n. d. ). SP also assesses the potential direction of a long-term credit rating in the short-term. SP projected that JJ’s long term credit rating would remain â€Å"stable† in the short-term, meaning that is not likely the rating will change. On the other hand, both JJ’s short-term foreign and short-term local bonds are rated A. The â€Å"A† rating suggests that there is still a strong capacity for JJ to meet its financial commitments, but there is some susceptibility to adverse economic conditions and changes in circumstances (Standard Poor’s, n. d. ). Nevertheless, all of the bonds issued by JJ are considered â€Å"Investment Grade†. In addition to bonds, JJ also issues common stock on which it has reported increasing dividends for 50 consecutive years (Gorsky, 2013). This year continued that trend as JJ reported an annual dividend of $2. 59 per share, an increase from last year’s annual dividend of $2. 40 per share. The final quarter dividend of $0. 61 per share was declared on October 17, 2013, but will not be paid until December 10, 2013 (Johnson Johnson Investor Relations, 2013). Finally, it should be noted that JJ had a 38. 98% increase in price per share of common stock. Last year at this time (specifically on November 25, 2012), the price for a share of JJ’s stock was $68. 81. Since then, the share price has increased dramatically, as it is now $95. 63. In other words, investors are willing to pay more per share of stock, likely because they are expecting higher earnings in the future. CONCLUSION One important factor that has not been discussed due to its non-financial nature, is the many current product defects and recalls that the company has experienced. Some such recalls have included products such as Tylenol, contact lenses, artificial hips, infant motrin, etc. Though it would seem that the recalls would affect the financial status of the company, after evaluating JJ’s financial ratios, bonds, and stocks, it seems the company is still financially sound. This is likely due to the impact JJ has worldwide. According to Business Insider, JJ touches more than one billion people per day (2012). In other words, JJ has so many products and such a large share of the market that many consumers use the products, because they may not have much other choice. Despite the recalls, we believe that JJ would be a good company to invest in for three reasons. First, JJ has many strong brands in each of its three segments (consumer, medical devices and diagnostics, and pharmaceuticals). These brands will likely remain profitable in the future, since many people will continue to rely on medical products. Second, JJ has nearly all healthy ratios and provides a hefty dividend, which has continued to increase for the past 50 years. Finally, there is a great potential for growth in the healthcare industry as medical problems are not likely to cease anytime soon. With that in mind, we believe that investing in JJ would likely be a wise decision. APPENDIX Johnson Johnson Ratio Calculations J J Industry Current Ratio Current Assets $46,116 1. 90 1. 62 Current Liabilities $24,262 Total Debt Ratio Total Assets Total Equity $56,521 0. 47 0. 45 Total Assets $121,347 Times Interest Earned EBIT $14,307 26. 89 14. 27 Interest $532 Inventory Turnover Cost of Goods Sold $21,658 2. 89 2. 80 Inventory $7,495 Receivable Turnover Sales $67,224 5. 94 6. 66 Accounts Receivable $11,309 Net Working Capital Turnover Sales $67,224 3. 08 4. 16 Net Working Capital $21,854 Total Assets Turnover Sales $67,224 0. 55 0. 53 Total Assets $121,347 Return on Assets Net Income $10,853 8. 94% 8. 31% Total Assets $121,347 Return on Equity Net Income $10,853 16. 74% 18. 28% Total Equity $64,826 Price-Earnings Ratio Price Per Share $76. 25 19. 35 16. 40 Earnings Per Share $3. 94 Percent Change Stock Price Price Today Price Last Year 26. 82 38. 98% (11/25/12 to 11/25/13) Price Last Year 68. 81

Poor Boys Blimp Essays - Airships, Blimp, Trout Mask Replica

Poor Boys Blimp There once was a little boy that grew up in the Brooklyn projects. He was extremely poor. Some how he managed to have some of the better things of life like a treadmill and an obsolete computer from the 80's. His life long dream was to own a $650 Lead Zeppelin remote controlled blimp. He asked his parents every year for six years if he could have it and every time they would say no they couldn't afford it. So on the boys fourteenth birthday he went and applied for a job at the local Nathaniel's. After talking to the manager Steve and getting the job he ran home and told his parents that he started the job tomorrow. The next day the when he got to work he looked around and noticed Steve was gone. He asked another worker where Steve was. The worker responded he was fired for being too stupid. The boy laughed and returned back to work. After weeks of hard work he finally made $600 of the $650 he needed for the blimp. On his way home one day he noticed a new store. He read the stores name "Iraqi Pete Discount plutonium and models". So only being human he walked in to look around. The moment he walked in he was surrounded be a green glow that was so bright it would put a helicopter's searchlights to shame. After his eyes adjusted to the glow he saw the storeowner eating pineapples and watching TV in black and white. The owner of the store heard the door shut and went to the boy and said hello. The boy being polite said hello as well. The owner asked if there was a certain item he was looking for. The boy asked if he had a Led Zeppelin remote control blimp. The man said yes we do right there in the corner. So the boy thanked him and walked to the corner and his eyes lit up brighter than the radiation from the plutonium. It was the blimp for $600 tax-free. The boy asked if the blimp was really $600 the owner said yes why wouldn't it be. The boy grabbed it, bought it, and left the store. Quickly he ran home and saw his father. Daddy, daddy he said look what I bought. The father yelled shut up. I just worked double time triple time at the hospital I need coffee and sleep. Not affected by his father's routine yelling the boy went to his 5th story window and read the directions and then started the blimp. The sound of the engine thrilled the boy. Now the time had come for the first flight the boy flew it out the window and outside where everyone could see it. He was having the time of his life until it happened. The blimp for no apparent reason went putt, putt and started on its first and last decent. Crashing into the courtyard in a loud flaming mess the boy almost passed out. He ran down the stairs fast to see how bad the damage was. It was totaled the blimp would never fly again. He started to cry when he noticed something he didn't smell gas. He dipped his finger in the gas tank and tasted it. It was watered down desil he was swindled by Pete. Angry, sad and confused he ran back to the store he walked in screaming and crying. Then all of a sudden he noticed something there where ten INS agents in Pete's store. He also saw Pete in handcuffs. One of the agents saw him and quickly took him out of the store and drove him home. When he got home the boy walked slowly up the stairs like a lifeless zombie. When he finally got back to his apartment he sat in front of the window and watched the birds thinking to himself why couldn't I have just waited. The moral of the story is if it seems to good to be true it probably is.